✅ Definition of the Notion

This notion explores where power is exercised and the different forms it takes: political, economic, social, and media-related. It also examines how people can share, challenge, or resist power.

🏛️ Examples of Places of Power

• The Monarchy: The British monarchy still plays a symbolic role.
• Democracy: In a democracy, people elect their leaders.
• The Media: The media influence public opinion and politics.
• Economic Power: Big companies hold significant economic power.
• Social Networks: Social media has become a new tool for influence.

🔑 Essential Vocabulary

🗣️ Key Sentences for the Exam

• The media play a major role in shaping public opinion.
• The protesters challenged the government’s authority.
• Power can be shared, exercised, or challenged.
• Social networks are new forms of influence and power.
• Revolutions have changed the course of history by overthrowing oppressive regimes.

📚 Themes to Master

• Limits and dangers of power (censorship, dictatorship)
• Challenging power (protests, civil disobedience)
• Role of media in democracy
• Economic power of multinational companies
• Social media as a new form of power

🗂️ Suggested Oral Exam Structure

1. Introduction: Define the notion and present your plan.
2. Development:
   • Traditional places of power (e.g., government, monarchy)
   • Modern forms of power (media, economy, social networks)
   • Challenges to power (protests, revolutions)
3. Conclusion: Summary and personal opinion.

✨ Bonus Expressions

• Power without control leads to abuse.
• Freedom of speech is a cornerstone of democracy.
• Social movements can reshape political systems.

✅ Definition of the Notion

This notion explores myths and heroes that have shaped societies and inspired individuals. It includes fictional characters, historical figures, and legends that embody universal values such as courage, sacrifice, and justice.

🏛️ Examples of Myths and Heroes

• Fictional Heroes: Superman embodies the idea of the invincible hero.
• Historical Figures: Nelson Mandela is considered a modern hero for his fight against apartheid.
• Legends: King Arthur, Robin Hood, and their influence on culture and values.

🔑 Essential Vocabulary

🗣️ Key Sentences for the Exam

• Nelson Mandela is considered a modern hero for his fight against apartheid.
• Superman embodies the idea of the invincible hero.
• Heroes can inspire people to stand up for their rights.
• Legends help build cultural identity and pass on values.
• Some heroes are ordinary people who achieve extraordinary things.

📚 Themes to Master

• Difference between fictional and real heroes
• Impact of heroes on society and culture
• Legends as transmitters of moral values
• Modern role models and celebrities
• The universal need for inspiration and hope

🗂️ Suggested Oral Exam Structure

1. Introduction: Define the notion and introduce your topic.
2. Development:
   • Fictional heroes and their symbolism
   • Real-life heroes who made history
   • The power of myths and their cultural legacy
3. Conclusion: Summary and personal opinion on the relevance of heroes today.

✨ Bonus Expressions

• Heroes inspire people to overcome challenges.
• Legends pass down timeless lessons from generation to generation.
• Real heroes often show courage and self-sacrifice in the face of adversity.

✅ Definition of the Notion

This notion focuses on the movement of people, goods, information, and cultures across different spaces. It explores the consequences of exchanges such as migration, globalization, and cultural interaction, as well as the challenges they create.

🌍 Examples of Spaces and Exchanges

• Migration: Movement of people for work, study, or safety. *Migration can enrich a country’s culture.*
• Globalization: Increasing worldwide connections. *Globalization fosters economic exchanges but raises social questions.*
• Cultural Exchanges: Sharing traditions, languages, and knowledge across borders.

🔑 Essential Vocabulary

🗣️ Key Sentences for the Exam

• Migration can enrich a country’s culture.
• Globalization fosters economic exchanges but raises social questions.
• Cultural exchanges promote understanding between nations.
• Mobility has increased thanks to technological progress.
• Borders can both separate and connect people.

📚 Themes to Master

• Migration and its cultural, economic, and social impacts
• The benefits and drawbacks of globalization
• How cultural exchanges influence societies
• Challenges related to mobility and borders
• Technological impacts on global connections

🗂️ Suggested Oral Exam Structure

1. Introduction: Define the notion and introduce your topic.
2. Development:
   • Examples of migration and cultural enrichment
   • Positive and negative effects of globalization
   • The role of exchanges in shaping modern societies
3. Conclusion: Give your opinion on how exchanges shape the world today.

✨ Bonus Expressions

• Mobility promotes cultural diversity and new opportunities.
• Globalization connects markets but also creates inequalities.
• Exchanges between cultures are essential to mutual understanding.

✅ Definition of the Notion

The Idea of Progress explores the evolution of society through scientific, technological, social, and environmental advances. It questions whether progress always benefits humanity and what challenges it creates.

⚡ Examples of Progress

• Scientific Progress: Medical breakthroughs, space exploration, new technologies.
• Social Progress: Fight for gender equality, education access, human rights.
• Environmental Progress: Renewable energies, sustainability efforts, climate change action.

🔑 Essential Vocabulary

🗣️ Key Sentences for the Exam

• Technological progress has improved our daily lives but created new challenges.
• Sustainable development is essential for future generations.
• Progress can solve global issues but can also generate inequalities.
• Scientific discoveries have revolutionized medicine.
• Social progress contributes to a more equal and fair society.

📚 Themes to Master

• The benefits and drawbacks of technological progress
• Scientific research and ethical dilemmas
• The importance of sustainable development
• Social movements and equality achievements
• Progress and its impact on future generations

🗂️ Suggested Oral Exam Structure

1. Introduction: Define the notion and introduce your topic.
2. Development:
   • Scientific and technological progress
   • Social progress and human rights
   • Environmental progress and sustainability
3. Conclusion: Your opinion on the role of progress in shaping the future.

✨ Bonus Expressions

• Progress must be guided by ethics and responsibility.
• Sustainability is key to preserving our planet.
• Innovation should serve humanity, not harm it.